| 1992 |
Magnetic boat |
Yoshiro Saji |
Japanese |
| 1986 |
High-temperature superconductors |
J. Georg Bednorz, Karl A. Muller |
German, Swiss |
| 1983 |
Scanning tunneling microscope |
Gerd Binnig, Heinrich Rohrer |
German, Swiss |
| 1982 |
Artificial heart |
Robert K. Jarvik |
American |
| 1981 |
Space transportation system (space shuttle) |
National Aeronautics and Space Administration engineers |
American |
| 1979 |
Compact disc |
Joop Sinjou, Toshi Tada Doi |
Dutch, Japanese |
| 1979 |
Genetic flaw repaired in mouse cells by recombinant DNA and micromanipulation techniques |
W. French Anderson and coworkers |
American |
| 1978 |
Synthesis of human insulin genes |
Roberto Crea, Tadaaki Hirose, Adam Kraszewski, and Keiichi Itakura |
American |
| 1978 |
Mammal to mammal gene transplants |
Paul Berg, Richard Mulligan, and Bruce Howard |
American |
| 1976 |
Supercomputer |
J.H. Van Tassel and Seymour Cray |
American |
| 1975 |
CAT (computerized axial tomography) scanner |
Godfrey N. Hounsfield |
British |
| 1975 |
Fiberoptics |
Bell Laboratories |
American |
| 1974 |
Recombinant DNA (genetic engineering) |
U.S. scientists |
American |
| 1973 |
Skylab orbiting space laboratory |
U.S. government scientists |
American |
| 1972 |
Electronic pocket calculator |
J.S. Kilby and J.D. Merryman |
American |
| 1972 |
First magnetohydrodynamic power generator |
USSR government scientists |
Soviet |
| 1971 |
Microprocessor |
Ted Hoff |
American |
| 1971 |
Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging |
Raymond Damadian |
American |
| 1970 |
First complete synthesis of a gene |
Har Gobind Khorana |
American |
| 1967 |
Human heart transplant |
Christiaan Neethling Barnard |
South Africa |
| 1966 |
Artificial heart (left ventricle) |
Michael Ellis DeBakey |
American |
| 1966 |
Tunable dye laser |
Mary Spaeth |
American |
| 1965 |
Kevlar technology |
Stephanie Kwolek |
American |
| 1964 |
Liquid-crystal display |
George Heilmeier |
American |
| 1962 |
Light-emitting diode (LED) |
Nick Holonyak, Jr. |
American |
| 1960 |
Laser |
Charles Hard Townes, Arthur L. Schawlow, and Gordon Gould |
American |
| 1960 |
Chlorophyll synthesized |
Robert Burns Woodward |
American |
| 1960 |
Birth-control pill |
Gregory Pincus, John Rock, and Min-chueh Chang |
American |
| 1959 |
Integrated circuit |
Jack Kilby Robert Noyce |
American |
| 1958 |
Communications satellite |
U.S. government scientists |
American |
| 1957 |
Sodium-cooled atomic reactor |
U.S. government scientists |
American |
| 1957 |
Artificial earth satellite |
USSR government scientists |
Soviet |
| 1956 |
Hovercraft |
Christopher Cockerell |
English |
| 1956 |
First prototype rotary engine |
Felix Wankel |
German |
| 1956 |
Videotape |
Charles Ginsberg Ray Dolby |
American |
| 1955 |
Synthetic diamonds |
General Electric scientists |
American |
| 1955 |
Carbon dating |
W.F. Libby |
American |
| 1955 |
Optical fibers |
Narinder S. Kapany |
Indian |
| 1954 |
Solar battery |
Bell Telephone Laboratory scientists |
American |
| 1954 |
Polio vaccine |
Jonas Salk |
American |
| 1953 |
Maser |
Charles Townes |
American |
| 1952 |
Hydrogen bomb |
U.S. government scientists |
American |
| 1952 |
Bubble chamber (nuclear particle detector) |
Donald Arthur Glaser |
American |
| 1950 |
Color television |
Peter Carl Goldmark |
American |
| 1949 |
Ramjet airplane |
Rene Leduc |
French |
| 1948 |
Scintillation counter |
Hartmut Kallmann |
German |
| 1948 |
Aureomycin |
Benjamin Minge Duggar and Chandra Bose Subba Row |
American |
| 1948 |
Transistor |
John Bardeen, Walter Houser Brattain, and William Shockley |
American |
| 1947 |
Holography |
Dennis Gabon |
English |
| 1947 |
Chlormycetin |
Mildred Rebstock |
American |
| 1947 |
Polaroid Land camera |
Edwin Herbert Land |
American |
| 1947 |
Bathyscaphe |
Auguste Piccard |
Swiss |
| 1947 |
Microwave oven |
Percy L. Spencer |
American |
| 1946 |
Electronic digital computer |
John Presper Eckert, Jr., and John W. Mauchly |
American |
| 1945 |
Atomic bomb |
U.S. government scientists |
American |
| 1945 |
Streptomycin |
Selman A. Waksman |
American |
| 1944 |
V-2 (rocket-propelled bomb) |
German scientists |
German |
| 1942 |
Guided missile |
Wernher von Braun |
German |
| 1942 |
Nuclear reactor |
Enrico Fermi |
American |
| 1942 |
Xerography |
Chester Carlson |
American |
| 1941 |
Turbojet aircraft engine |
Sir Frank Whittle |
British |
| 1940 |
Betatron |
Donald William Kerst |
American |
| 1939 |
DDT |
Paul Muller |
Swiss |
| 1939 |
Helicopter4 |
Igor Sikorsky |
American |
| 1938 |
Ballpoint pen |
Georg and Ladislao Biro |
Hungarian |
| 1937 |
Snowmobile |
Armand Bombardier |
Canadian |
| 1936 |
Twin-rotor helicopter3 |
Heinrich Focke |
German |
| 1935 |
Buna (synthetic rubber) |
German scientists |
German |
| 1935 |
Radiolocator (radar) |
Sir Robert Watson-Watt |
British |
| 1935 |
Cortisone |
Edward Calvin Kendall, Tadeus Reichstein |
American,Swiss |
| 1935 |
Electron microscope |
German scientists |
German |
| 1935 |
Sulfanllamide |
Gerhard Domagk |
German |
| 1935 |
Nylon |
Wallace Hume Carothers |
American |
| 1933 |
Frequency modulation (FM) |
Edwin Howard Armstrong |
American |
| 1932 |
Phase contrast microscope |
Frits Zernike |
Dutch |
| 1932 |
Van de Graaff generator |
Robert Jemison Van de Graaff |
American |
| 1931 |
Cyclotron |
Ernest Orlando Lawrence |
American |
| 1931 |
Differential analyzer (analogue computer) |
Vannevar Bush |
American |
| 1930 |
Bathysphere |
(Charles) William Beebe |
American |
| 1930 |
Freon (low-boiling fluorine compounds) |
Thomas Midgley and coworkers |
American |
| 1930 |
Modern gas-turbine engine |
Sir Frank Whittle |
British |
| 1930 |
Neoprene (synthetic rubber) |
Father Julius Arthur Nieuwland and Wallace Hume Carothers |
American |
| 1928 |
Penicillin |
Sir Alexander Fleming |
British |
| 1926 |
Aerosol can |
Erik Rotheim |
Norwegian |
| 1926 |
Liquid-fuel rocket |
Robert Hutchings Goddard |
American |
| 1925 |
Television image dissector tube |
Philo Taylor Farnsworth |
American |
| 1924 |
Quick-frozen food |
Clarence Birdseye |
American |
| 1923 |
Autogiro |
Juan de la Cierva |
Spanish |
| 1923 |
Television iconoscope |
Vladimir Kosma Zworykin |
American |
| 1922-26 |
Sound motion pictures |
T.W. Case |
American |
| 1922 |
Insulin |
Sir Frederick Grant Banting |
Canadian |
| 1919 |
Mass spectrograph |
Sir Francis William Aston, Arthur Jeffrey Dempster |
British, American |
| 1916 |
Browning gun (automatic rifle) |
John Moses Browning |
American |
| 1916 |
Gas-filled incandescent lamp |
Irving Langmuir |
American |
| 1916 |
X-ray tube |
William David Coolidge |
American |
| 1915 |
Automobile self-starter |
Charles Franklin Kettering |
American |
| 1913 |
Ramjet engine |
Rene Lorin |
French |
| 1913 |
Multigrid electron tube |
Irving Langmuir |
American |
| 1913 |
Cracked gasoline |
William Meriam Burton |
American |
| 1913 |
Heterodyne radio receiver |
Reginald Aubrey Fessenden |
American |
| 1912 |
Mercury-vapor lamp |
Peter Cooper Hewitt |
American |
| 1911 |
Air conditioning |
W.H. Carrier |
American |
| 1911 |
Vitamins |
Casimir Funk |
Polish |
| 1911 |
Cellophane |
Jacques Edwin Brandenberger |
Swiss |
| 1911 |
Neon lamp |
Georges Claude |
French |
| 1910 |
Hydrogenation of coal |
Friedrich Bergius |
German |
| 1910 |
Gyroscopic compass and stabilizer |
Elmer Ambrose Sperry |
American |
| 1909 |
Salvarsan |
Paul Ehrlich |
German |
| 1908 |
Cellophane |
Jacques Edwin Brandenberger |
Swiss |
| 1908 |
Two-color motion picture camera |
C. Albert Smith |
British |
| 1907 |
Bakelite |
Leo Hendrik Baekeland |
American |
| 1907 |
Triode amplifier tube (radio) |
Lee De Forest |
American |
| 1906 |
Gyrocompass |
Hermann Anschutz-K?mpfe |
German |
| 1905 |
Diode rectifier tube (radio) |
Sir John Ambrose Fleming |
British |
| 1903 |
Airplane |
Wilbur Wright and Orville Wright |
American |
| 1903 |
Windshield wipers |
Mary Anderson |
American |
| 1903 |
Electrocardiograph |
Willem Einthoven |
Dutch |
| 1902 |
Radiotelephone |
Valdemar Poulsen, Reginald Aubrey Fessenden |
Danish, American |
| 1900 |
Rigid dirigible airship |
Graf Ferdinand von Zeppelin |
German |
| 1898 |
Sensitized photographic paper |
Leo Hendrik Baekeland |
American |
| 1896 |
Experimental airplane |
Samuel Pierpont Langley |
American |
| 1895 |
X-ray |
Wilhelm Konrad R?ntgen |
German |
| 1895 |
Rayon (acetate) |
Charles Frederick Cross |
British |
| 1895 |
Wireless telegraph |
Marchese Guglielmo Marconi |
Italian |
| 1894 |
Motion picture projection |
Louis Jean Lumiere and Auguste Marie Lumiere, Charles Francis Jenkins |
French, American |
| 1893 |
Photoelectric cell |
Julius Elster Hans F. Geitel |
German |
| 1893 |
Diesel engine |
Rudolf Diesel |
German |
| 1893 |
Gasoline automobile |
Charles Edgar Duryea and J. Frank Duryea |
American, French |
| 1892 |
AC motor |
Nikola Tesla |
American |
| 1892 |
Three-color camera |
Frederick Eugene Ives |
American |
| 1892 |
Rayon (viscose) |
Charles Frederick Cross |
British |
| 1892 |
Vacuum bottle (Dewar flask) |
Sir James Dewar |
British |
| 1891 |
Glider |
Otto Lilienthal |
German |
| 1891 |
Motion picture camera (kinetograph) |
Thomas Alva Edison, William K. L. Dickson |
American, British |
| 1891 |
Motion picture viewer (kinetoscope) |
Thomas Alva Edison, William K. L. Dickson |
American, British |
| 1891 |
Synthetic rubber |
Sir William Augustus Tilden |
British |
| 1890 |
Rayon (cuprammonium) |
Louis Henri Despeissis |
French |
| 1889 |
Steam turbine |
C.G. de Laval |
Swedish |
| 1888 |
Adding machine (recording) |
William Seward Burroughs |
American |
| 1888 |
Kodak camera |
George Eastman |
American |
| 1887 |
Air-inflated rubber tire |
J.B. Dunlop |
Scottish |
| 1887 |
Gramophone (disk records) |
Emile Berliner |
American |
| 1887 |
Gas mantle |
Baron Carl Auer von Welsbach |
Austrian |
| 1887 |
Mimeograph |
Albert Blake Dick |
American |
| 1887 |
Monotype |
Tolbert Lanston |
American |
| 1885 |
Graphophone (dictating machine) |
Chichester A. Bell and Charles Sumner Tainter |
American |
| 1885 |
AC transformer |
William Stanley |
American |
| 1884 |
Steam turbine |
C.A. Parsons |
English |
| 1884 |
Rayon (nitrocellulose) |
Comte Hilaire Bernigaud de Chardonnet |
French |
| 1884 |
Multiple-wheel steam turbine |
Sir Charles Algernon Parsons |
British |
| 1884 |
Nipkow disk (mechanical television scanning device) |
Paul Gottlieb Nipkow |
German |
| 1884 |
Fountain pen |
Lewis Edson Waterman |
American |
| 1880 |
Linotype |
Ottmar Mergenthaler |
American |
| 1879 |
Cash register |
James J. Ritty |
American |
| 1879 |
Incandescent filament lamp |
Thomas Alva Edison, Sir Joseph Wilson Swan |
American , British |
| 1879 |
Automobile engine (two-cycle) |
Karl Benz |
German |
| 1879 |
Arc lamp |
Charles Francis Bush |
American |
| 1878 |
Cream separator |
Carl Gustav de Laval |
Swedish |
| 1878 |
Cathode ray tube |
Sir William Crookes |
British |
| 1877 |
Internal-combustion engine (four-cycle) |
Nikolaus August Otto |
German |
| 1877 |
Talking machine (phonograph) |
Thomas Alva Edison |
American |
| 1877 |
Microphone |
Emile Berliner |
American |
| 1877 |
Electric welding |
Elihu Thomson |
American |
| 1877 |
Refrigerator car |
G.F. Swift |
American |
| 1876 |
Telephone2 |
Alexander Graham Bell, Antonio Meucci |
American,Italian |
| 1874 |
Quadruplex telegraph |
Thomas Alva Edison |
American |
| 1871 |
Continuous current dynamo |
Zenobe-Theophile Gramme |
Belgian |
| 1870 |
Celluloid |
John Wesley Hyatt and Isaiah Hyatt |
American |
| 1868 |
Dry cell |
Georges Leclanche |
French |
| 1868 |
Typewriter |
Carlos Glidden and Christopher Latham Sholes |
American |
| 1868 |
Air brake |
George Westinghouse |
American |
| 1866 |
Paper (from wood pulp, sulfite process) |
Benjamin Chew Tilghman |
American |
| 1866 |
Dynamite |
Alfred Bernhard Nobel |
Swedish |
| 1865 |
Antiseptic surgery |
Joseph Lister |
English |
| 1861 |
Web-fed newspaper printing press |
Richard March Hoe |
American |
| 1861 |
Electric furnace |
Wilhelm Siemens |
British |
| 1861 |
Machine gun |
Richard Jordan Gatling |
American |
| 1861 |
Kinematoscope |
Coleman Sellers |
American |
| 1860 |
Gas engine |
Jean-Joseph-?tienne Lenoir |
French |
| 1859 |
Spectroscope |
Gustav Robert Kirchhoff and Robert Wilhelm Bunsen |
German |
| 1858 |
Harvester |
Charles and William Marsh |
American |
| 1856 |
Bessemer converter (steel) |
Sir Henry Bessemer |
British |
| 1855 |
Hypodermic syringe |
Alexander Wood |
Scottish |
| 1855 |
Safety matches |
J.E. Lundstrom |
Swedish |
| 1852 |
Nonrigid airship |
Henri Giffard |
French |
| 1852 |
Elevator (with brake) |
Elisha Graves Otis |
American |
| 1852 |
Gyroscope |
Jean Bernard Leon Foucault |
French |
| 1851 |
Breech-loading rifle |
Edward Maynard |
American |
| 1851 |
Opthalmoscope |
Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz |
German |
| 1850 |
Mercerized cotton |
John Mercer |
British |
| 1849 |
Reinforced concrete |
F.J. Monier |
French |
| 1849 |
Safety pin |
Walter Hunt |
American |
| 1849 |
Water turbine |
James Bicheno Francis |
American |
| 1846 |
Rotary printing press |
Richard March Hoe |
American |
| 1846 |
Nitroglycerin |
Ascanio Sobrero |
Italian |
| 1846 |
Guncotton |
Christian Friedrich Sch?nbein |
German |
| 1846 |
Ether |
Crawford Williamson Long |
American |
| 1845 |
Pneumatic tire |
Robert William Thompson |
American |
| 1839 |
Photography |
Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre and Joseph Nicephore Niepce William Henry Fox Talbot |
French, British |
| 1839 |
Vulcanized rubber |
Charles Goodyear |
American |
| 1839 |
Steam hammer |
James Nasmyth |
Scottish |
| 1839 |
Bicycle (with pedals) |
Kirkpatrick MacMillan |
British |
| 1838 |
Morse code |
Samuel Finley Breese Morse |
American |
| 1837 |
Telegraph |
Samuel Finley Breese Morse, Sir Charles Wheatstone |
American, British |
| 1835 |
Pistol (revolver) |
Samuel Colt |
American |
| 1834 |
Electric streetcar |
Thomas Davenport |
American |
| 1831 |
Phosphorus match |
Charles Sauria |
French |
| 1831 |
Reaper |
Cyrus Hall McCormick |
American |
| 1831 |
Dynamo |
Michael Faraday |
British |
| 1830 |
Platform scales |
Thaddeus Fairbanks |
American |
| 1830 |
Sewing machine |
Barthelemy Thimonnier |
French |
| 1829 |
Typewriter1 |
W.A. Burt |
American |
| 1829 |
Braille printing |
Louis Braille |
French |
| 1827 |
Friction match |
John Walker |
British |
| 1824 |
Portland cement |
Joseph Aspdin |
British |
| 1823 |
Silicon |
J?ns Jakob Berzelius |
Swedish |
| 1823 |
Electromagnet |
William Sturgeon |
British |
| 1821 |
Electric motor |
Michael Faraday |
British |
| 1820 |
Hygrometer |
J.F. Daniell |
English |
| 1820 |
Galvanometer |
Johann Salomo Cristoph Schweigger |
German |
| 1819 |
Stethoscope |
Rene-Theophile-Hyacinthe Laennec |
French |
| 1816 |
Bicycle (no pedals) |
Karl D. Sauerbronn |
German |
| 1815 |
Safety lamp |
Sir Humphry Davy |
British |
| 1814 |
Railroad locomotive |
George Stephenson |
British |
| 1810 |
Food preservation (by sterilization and exclusion of air) |
Francois Appert |
French |
| 1810 |
Printing press |
Frederick Koenig |
German |
| 1805 |
Electroplating |
Luigi Gasparo Brugnatelli |
Italian |
| 1804 |
Screw propeller |
John Stevens |
American |
| 1804 |
Solid-fuel rocket |
William Congreve |
British |
| 1804 |
Steam locomotive |
Richard Trevithick |
British |
| 1801 |
Pattern loom |
Joseph Marie Jacquard |
French |
| 1800 |
Jacquard loom |
Joseph Marie Jacquard |
French |
| 1800 |
Electric battery |
Count Alessandro Volta |
Italian |
| 1799 |
Fourdrinier machine (papermaking) |
Louis Robert |
French |
| 1796 |
Lithography |
Aloys Senefelder |
German |
| 1796 |
Smallpox vaccination |
Edward Jenner |
British |
| 1795 |
Hydraulic press |
Joseph Bramah |
English |
| 1793 |
Cotton gin |
Eli Whitney |
American |
| 1792 |
Illuminating gas |
William Murdock |
Scottish |
| 1791 |
Gas turbine |
John Barber |
British |
| 1788 |
Flyball governor |
James Watt |
British |
| 1786 |
Steamboat |
John Fitch |
American |
| 1785 |
Power loom |
Edmund Cartwright |
British |
| 1784 |
Threshing machine |
Andrew Meikle |
British |
| 1783 |
Balloon |
Joseph Michel Montgolfier and Jacques ?tienne Montgolfier |
French |
| 1780 |
Steel pen |
Samuel Harrison |
English |
| 1780 |
Bifocal lens |
Benjamin Franklin |
American |
| 1775 |
Submarine |
David Bushnell |
American |
| 1769 |
Spinning frame |
R. Arkwright |
English |
| 1769 |
Steam engine (with separate condenser) |
James Watt |
British |
| 1769 |
Automobile |
Nicholas-Joseph Cugnot |
French |
| 1764 |
Spinning jenny |
James Hargreaves |
British |
| 1759 |
Marine chronometer |
John Harrison |
British |
| 1758 |
Achromatic lens |
John Dollond |
British |
| 1752 |
Lightning rod |
Benjamin Franklin |
American |
| 1745 |
Leyden jar (condenser) |
E.G. von Kleist |
German |
| 1725 |
Stereotyping |
William Ged |
Scottish |
| 1717 |
Diving bell |
Edmund Halley |
English |
| 1714 |
Mercury thermometer |
Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit |
German |
| 1712 |
Steam engine |
Thomas Newcomen |
British |
| 1710 |
Piano |
Bartolomeo Cristofori |
Italian |
| 1701 |
Seed drill |
Jethro Tull |
English |
| 1698 |
Steam pump |
Thomas Savery |
English |
| 1671 |
Calculating machine |
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz |
German |
| 1668 |
Reflecting telescope |
Isaac Newton |
English |
| 1661 |
Methanol |
Robert Boyle |
Irish |
| 1656 |
Pendulum clock |
Christiaan Huygens |
Dutch |
| 1650 |
Air pump |
Otto von Guericke |
German |
| 1643 |
Barometer |
Evangelista Torricelli |
Italian |
| 1642 |
Adding machine |
Blaise Pascal |
French |
| 1629 |
Steam turbine |
Giovanni Branca |
Italian |
| 1625 |
Blood transfusion |
Jean-Baptiste Denys |
French |
| 1608 |
Telescope |
Hans Lippershey |
Dutch |
| 1593 |
Water thermometer |
Galileo |
Italian |
| 1590 |
Compound microscope |
Zacharias Janssen |
Dutch |
| 1504 |
Pocket watch |
Peter Henlein |
German |
| 1450 |
Printing press |
Johann Gutenberg |
German |
| 1250 |
Magnifying glass |
Roger Bacon |
English |
